Article review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review - Assignment Example Moreover, I will suggest additional research finding that would make the article more authentic, and bring some more understandings. Parker begins by describing the economic history of depression. In this period, there was high rate of economic growth, and increased consumer spending and purchasing power. He claims that economic growth was only disrupted minimally by the three recessions that took place in 1923, 1924, and 1926 (Parker, 2010, Web). Parker also claims that the policy adopted by the federal government were key in economic growth. For example in the 1920’s, the Federal Reserve used monetary policies to stabilize business cycle fluctuations (Parker, 2010, Web). Moreover, there were also high demands of America goods, as World War 1 did not affect it like other European countries. In addition, the Gold Standards were not much entrenched during this period (Parker, 2010, Web). Secondly, Parker describes the beginning of the economic anguish. He talks of the federal government failures to notice dangers leading to the great depression. He says that deflation failed to operate, as it was case in the beginning of 1920. Moreover, the European economies had recovered and Gold Standards became a mode of transaction. He also focuses on failures of the economy, and factors that might have led to this failure. He describes failures in the bank claiming that there was no deposit insurance and this led to panic. He also cites various forms of contemporary explanation on the great Depression. For this reason, various theories are highlighted such as liquidationist theory. He also describes the modern explanation based on monetary hypothesis of Friedman and Schwartz together with the nonmonetary/financial hypotheses of Bernanke and Fisher (Parker, 2010, Web). Parker claims that based on his own understanding, the non-monetary theories cannot support the theories menti oned to account the state of the economy during

Bond Financing in Gulf Cooperation Council Essay

Bond Financing in Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay Example Bonds are generally referred to validity periods over 10 years and below this period it is referred to as notes. This distinction has disappeared except in the US market. Gulf Co operation Council (GCC) countries traditionally have been dependant on bank loan debt financing for their financial needs. In the past decade globalization has necessitated the widening of horizon and bond financing is increasingly growing in these markets. Emirates group has been innovative in its financing option. Considering the changes in the world economy and responding to the new opportunities Emirates has been the first company to issue bonds in UAE. Their first bonds were issued in July, 2001 for Dhs 750 million, which was over subscribed by 2.5 times (Annual report, 2001-2002). This also has the credit of the first few bonds to be launched in local currency and listed in Dubai financial market. It has proved to be a stepping stone in restructuring the Dubai financial markets. One of the problems in GCC countries to access new financial instruments has been absence of credible credit ratings. UAE central bank had taken an initiative to award sensible credit ratings to outperforming UAE companies. Emirates received a "zero" risk weightage and hence increased credibility and reduced under writing costs during the bond issue. The costs and benefits of Emirates bond issue should be understood in the context of their long term strategic goal. At the time when Emirates issued bonds, they had surplus cash flow and were not in a crunch to raise money. They have taken considerable risk to launch bonds with attractive offering to customers. As per a General Manager in the Emirates Bank Group "EK has priced its bonds at 70 basis points over Emirates Interbank Offered Rate (EIBOR); which is generous compared to the terms at which EK has been raising money in the past from the financial institutions. EK has sweetened the deal by offering attractive interest rates and incurred legal costs and fees and this connotes that this is more of a strategic decision and augur well; in that it has an ambitious expansion plan for extending its service to several long haul routes and aircrafts to reach out to the Americas and Australasia" (Kumar, 2001). As per the company's financial reports, 2001-2002, net proceeds from issue of bonds were equal to AED ('000) 1,495,188. As per Note 15 of their annual report borrowings bonds were netted as in Table 2. As per the table below and the note by Emirates Banking group GM, Emirates has incurred heavy expenses on issuing bonds. These expenses have over weighted the competitive advantage benefits gained by raising finance by issuing bonds. 15. Borrowings and lease commitments - non-current 2002 AED'000 2001 AED'000 Lease commitments (Note 17) 3,570,994 3,179,142 Bonds (see (a) and (b) below) 1,495,188 - Term loans (Note 16) 40,378 30,128 Dnata account (Note 18) 69,873 70,471 5,176,433 3,279,741 (a) Bonds at face value 1,500,000 - Less : Unamortised transactions costs (4,812) - 1,495,188 - Emirates have used the funds raised by Bonds to fund their ambitions of